Ok, let's start with the beginning of the Mass. The Sign of the Cross. Please remember that in Latin the ends of words in Latin change to show you their relationship to other words in the sentence (the more you know about this the more precise your understanding will be). Thus you can vary word order and be very precise. I am still working out a format for this. For now, the nominative form of an inflected noun will follow in parentheses. Also, Latin has no word for "a" or "the," so you must add them as appropriate when translating.
In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti, Amen.
In [the] name of [the] Father and of [the] Son and of [the] Spirit Holy, Amen.
Words you already know or may be familiar with:
In - just what it sounds like.
Nomine (nomen). Related English words: nomenclature, nominal, nominate, name. Meaning: name.
Patris (Pater). Related Eng. words: paternal, paterfamilias, patrimony, patriarch. Pater = father; patris = of [the] father.
Et. Rel. Eng.: et cetera (lit. and other things); the plus sign comes from the "t" in "et." Et = and.
Filii (Filius). Rel. Eng.: filial, Fitz- (in names), French fils. Filii = of [the] son; filius = son.
Spiritus - knock off the "-us." Spiritus = spirit; spiritus = of [the] spirit (looks just the same in writing).
Sancti (sanctus). Rel. Eng.: sanctuary, sanctify. Since "Sancti" goes with "Spiritus," it has to be in the same case (genitive in this instance).
Grammar stuff...
Key: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative, Case not applicable.
In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti
Vocab:
nomen, nominis - noun - 3rd declension neuter
pater, patris - noun - 3rd declension masculine
filius, filii - noun - 2nd declension masculine
spiritus, spiritus- noun - 4th declension masculine
sanctus - adj. - 1st/2nd declension type
in - prep. - variable case: accusative or ablative object
et - conj.
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