Deus, Dominus, Christus
1.) Deus is the regular Latin word for "god;" used as a proper name it means God. Unlike English nouns, which retain their same spelling and pronunciation regardless of their position in the sentence, Latin nouns change their endings to tell you their role in the sentence. "Dei" means "of God." "Deo" (without a preposition) usually means "to God," as in "Gloria in excelsis Deo" or "Deo gratias." "Deum" means "God," when God is the object of a sentence rather than the subject. So in a sentence like "God so loved the world," you would say Deus, but in a sentence like "I believe in God," you would say Deum. You can tell which to use by who it is who is doing the action of the verb.
2.) Dominus means "lord" or "The Lord." Domini means "of the Lord," Domino "to the Lord," Dominum, "the Lord" as the object of a sentence.
3.) Christus is the Latin version of the Greek Christos, which is the Greek version of Messiah, "the anointed one [of God]." Christi means "of Christ"... you get the picture. This pattern holds for most any noun that ends in -us, with a few exceptions. There are two such I can think of that turn up in the Mass - spiritus (spirit) and Jesus follow a different pattern.
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